1. The Source (Input)

Try mixing English and Chinese.

2. The Transfer (Network)

Simulate Server Header:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: text/html;
charset=
👨‍🏫 Prof. Zhao's Analogy:
The Bytes are the secret code numbers.
The Charset is the codebook.
Using the wrong codebook = Garbage (乱码).
Step A: Storage (Binary/Hex)

How computer stores "" in UTF-8:

Step B: Browser Rendering

Browser reads the bytes using UTF-8 Dictionary: